Tuesday, December 24, 2019

Economic Development in Urban Areas Essay - 762 Words

Economic Development in Urban Areas Economic change has helped lead America into urban crisis for the following reasons. First of all, because urban problems are no longer confined to the inner city, but are regional in nature. The federal government has, also, largely drawn from the urban policy arena, thereby having cities and sates to develop their own solutions to local problems. Furthermore, the economy of cities is no longer organized around a central business district, but is dispersed throughout a metropolitan region. Next, the national economy has experienced a fundamental reorganization and many cities have experienced the direct effects of deindustrialization and disinvestments. Additionally, the fiscal crisis within the†¦show more content†¦Another problem that is contributing to the urban crisis is the rise of single-parent families and present-orientated values. The problem here is that the divorce rate in America is getting higher and higher, and also the amount of children being had out of ma rriage is greatly increasing also. This creates one parent raising a child. The problem here is that there is no proper care for children in this situation. The parent has too much responsibility. They are to provide for the family, as well as adequately care for their children. When the single parent has to go to work, to get money to pay for a place to live, food, and clothing, there leaves no time to watch and take care of the children, meaning children are left to take care of themselves after school is over, and this results in a lot of problems for the communities. These children cause trouble. They are the ones who commit most crimes in an urban environment. This is why in an urban city there is a lot more crime. There are a lot of children left unsupervised for most of the day and night. Another problem is the ethnic tensions that there are in America. There are many things that are wrong with this. The first problem is that because of racism, people are secluded. They are pushed to all live together, because people dont want to live next to them. This is how a ghetto is started, and slums. All the people of low incomes live in the same neighborhood together. They also contain the high crimeShow MoreRelatedwith reference to examples, discuss the degree to which the level of economic development in a country affects planning and management in urban areas1357 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ With reference to examples, discuss the degree to which the level od economic development in country affects planning and management in urban areas. The type of urban problems that require careful planning and management are largely decided by the economic wealth of a countryside. LEDC countries have problems with rapid urbanisation into the cities. 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We are now well int o a fifth waveRead MoreUrban Development : The Asian Pacific Region1740 Words   |  7 PagesTopic 2 : URBAN DEVELOPMENT â€Å"The (Asian and Pacific) region remains host to over half of the world’s slum population...At the same time, the percentage of urban population living in slums (these are households with no durable housing, insufficient living area, no access to water nor sanitation) has skyrocketed since 1990 and reached 30.6 per cent in 2010 (about 500 million people). Poverty is now growing faster in urban than in rural areas.† STATEMENT OF THE ISSUE The Asian-Pacific region is uniqueRead MoreEducation And Skills Development : A Flagship Programme For Rural Poverty Alleviation1262 Words   |  6 PagesEducation and Skills Development: A Flagship programme for Rural Poverty Alleviation More than of half of the world’s population and nearly 70 per cent of the world’s poor made rural areas their home where hunger, illiteracy and low school achievement are ubiquitous. India lives in its villages where 68.84% of the country’s population eke out their living through agriculture and allied activities. For the economic development of our country, the development of rural areas and the standard of livingRead MoreEconomic Development And Economic Growth1664 Words   |  7 PagesEconomic development has the potential to transform regions as it creates an enabling environment for economic growth. 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Sunday, December 15, 2019

Iga Nephropathy In Kuwait Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(147) " Evaluation of nephritic biopsy slides was performed harmonizing to the Hass categorization of IgA nephropathy \( 8 \) showed ; 25 patients \( 36\." Methods: From all nephritic biopsies done between January 2000 and December 2004 in Mubarak Al Kabeer Hospital, instances of IgA kidney diseases were selected and their medical records every bit good as biopsy findings were reviewed. Consequences: Eighty patients ( 9.2 % of all native kidney biopsies ) were diagnosed to hold IgA nephropathy. We will write a custom essay sample on Iga Nephropathy In Kuwait Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sixty nine biopsies were included in the survey and eleven were excluded because of presence of any of the exclusion standards or losing clinical informations. Forty three ( 62.3 % ) instances were males, and 26 ( 37.7 ) instances were females. Fifty instances ( 72.5 % ) were below the age of 40 old ages. Average continuance of follow up was 3.6 ±1.3 old ages. The first presentation included nephrotic scope albuminuria ( 49.3 % ) , and nephritic damage ( 50.7 % ) . During the follow up period, 56 ( 81.2 % ) were stable or improved. Hass categorization of biopsies showed ; 36.2 % had Class I, 27.5 % had category II, 13.0 % had category III, 5.8 % had category IV, and 17.4 % had category V IgAN. Females had milder signifiers of the disease than males. Macroscopic haematuria and nephritic damage at presentation were seen more in patients with category IV and V. The presenting serum creatinine and uric acid were higher in those with Hass categories III to V. Deterioration of nephritic map during the follow up period was more important in presence of high blood pressure, nephritic damage and macroscopic haematuria at clip of biopsy. Decision: The incidence of IgAN in Kuwait is approximately 9.2 % . Nephritic damage at presentation and macroscopic haematurias were seen in patients with more aggressive nephritic lesions and property to hapless result. Cardinal words: Proteinuria, IgA nephropathy, nephritic Biopsy, Hass categorization Introduction IgA kidney disease ( IgAN ) was first described in 1968 by Berger and Hinglais. ( 1 ) It is now recognized as the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. ( 2 ) It presents with haematurias and frequently proteinuria. Although a moderate grade of albuminuria is common in patients with IgAN, nephrotic syndrome is considered uncommon in these patients. ( 3 ) The class of IgAN is variable, and 15 % -40 % of patients progress to end-stage nephritic disease over 10-20 old ages. ( 4 ) The pathogenesis of IgAN is complex and non wholly understood. Both environmental and familial factors have been found to be involved in the disease oncoming and patterned advance. ( 4,5 ) Humoral unsusceptibility is believed to play an of import function, characterized by the prevailing mesangial IgA1 deposition and associated secondary inflammatory response. ( 5 ) Curative attempts have been directed at either cut downing or forestalling antigen entry, and changing the unnatural immune response and its effects. However, the appropriate therapy for IgAN remains unsure and healing therapy is still non available. ( 6,7 ) The purpose of this survey was to reexamine instances of IgAN in Mubarak Al kabeer Hospital- Kuwait between January 2000 and December 2004, and to analyze the spectrum of clinical presentation and histopathological findings Method All nephritic biopsies performed in Mubarak Al kabeer Hospital from January 2000 to December 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. Biopsies performed on grownup patients with IgAN were selected and reviewed. Patients were excluded from the survey if clinical or serologic grounds of Henoch Schonelin peliosis, collagen vascular diseases, liver cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, or other kidney diseases were present. Kidney transplant instances were besides excluded from the survey. Clinical and research lab informations at presentation and during the follow up period and the intervention given were obtained by careful retrospective survey of the infirmary records of each patient. The histopathology glass slides were reviewed and the pathology studies were retrieved from the section of pathology computerized filing system. Each kidney biopsy was prepared by cutting paraffin blocks at 3 um subdivisions and staining 2 slides with peroidic acid schiff, 2 slides for Hematoxylin and Eosin, 1 slide for Jones Methenamine splinter and one slide for trichrome. Immunoperoxidase staining was besides performed routinely on all slides for IgG, IgA, IgM and C3. Antibodies were from Dako and titration was performed harmonizing to the cusps with the antibody phials. Electron microscopy ( EM ) was non routinely done on all instances in the establishment, nevertheless, on selected instances EM was performed and the movies were retrieved and reviewed along with the EM study. Statistical methods: ISSN 1110-0834Numerical variables are expressed as Mean  ± SD. The relation within and between the clinical and the histopathological variables were obtained utilizing ?2 trial or Fisher ‘s exact chance trial for categorical variables and nonparametric Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis trials for uninterrupted variables. P A ; lt ; 0.05 was considered as statistically important. Statistical analysis was performed utilizing SPSS for Windowss version 16 ( SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL ) Consequence A entire figure of 1575 nephritic biopsies were performed in the institute during the 5 old ages study period. Eight hundred 70 one biopsies were performed on native kidneys, and 704 were performed on transplanted kidneys. Eighty patients ( stand foring 9.2 % of the native kidney biopsies, 5.1 % of the entire biopsies ) were found to hold IgA nephropathy harmonizing to the biopsy consequences. Eleven patients were excluded from the survey because of losing informations or the presence of any of the exclusion standards. Sixty nine patients were enrolled in the survey. Forty three ( 62.3 % ) were males and 26 ( 37.7 % ) were females. The average age at presentation was 35.52 ±10.13 old ages. Fifty patients ( 72.5 % ) were below age of 40 old ages and 19 ( 27.5 % ) were ? 40 old ages. Average continuance of follow up was 3.6 ±1.3 old ages. Cases were presented by either microscopic ( 82.6 % ) or macroscopic haematurias ( 17.4 % ) . Nephrotic scope albuminuria was seen in 34 ( 49.3 % ) instances while non-nephrotic albuminuria was detected in 35 ( 50.7 % ) instances. High blood pressure was detected in 35 ( 50.7 % ) of instances and nephritic damage was detected in 35 ( 50.7 % ) of instances. Fifty Six ( 81.2 % ) were stable or improved during the follow up period. Serum IgA, C3, and C4 degrees were all within the normal mention scope. Patient clinical and laboratory informations were mentioned in tabular array I. Evaluation of nephritic biopsy slides was performed harmonizing to the Hass categorization of IgA nephropathy ( 8 ) showed ; 25 patients ( 36.2 % ) had Class I IgAN, 19 ( 27.5 % ) had category II IgAN, 9 ( 13.0 % ) had category III, 4 patient ( 5.8 % ) had category IV, and 12 patients ( 17.4 % ) had category V IgAN. ( table II ) ( fig 1, 2 ) Seven ( 10.4 % ) patients were treated with methyl Pediapred pulsation for crescentic lesions, 41 patients ( 59.4 % ) treated with unwritten steroids, 10 ( 14.5 % ) received mycophenolate mofetile or Imuran, 18 patients ( 26.1 % ) received cyclosporine, and 58 patients ( 84.1 % ) treated with angiotonin change overing enzyme inhibitors or angiotonin receptor blockers. Fish oil was given as an accessory therapy in 46 ( 66.7 % ) instances. Females had milder histological signifier of the disease ( category I ) whereas males tended to hold more aggressive signifiers ( category IV and V ) ( P A ; lt ; 0.05 ) . No relation was found between the Hass categorization and any of the age at presentation, high blood pressure, presence of hydrops or the degree of albuminuria ( P A ; gt ; 0.05 ) . Macroscopic haematuria was seen more in category IV ( 75 % ) and category V ( 25 % ) than category I ( 8 % ) ( P A ; lt ; 0.05 ) . Nephritic damage at presentation was seen more in patients with category IV ( 75 % ) and category V ( 91 % ) than category I ( 28 % ) ( P A ; lt ; 0.001 ) . The showing serum creatinine and uric acid were higher in those with Hass categories III to V than category I and II ( P A ; lt ; 0.001, A ; lt ; 0.05 severally ) . ( table III ) Deterioration of nephritic map during the follow up period was more important in presence of high blood pressure, nephritic damage at clip of biopsy, and macroscopic haematuria ( P A ; lt ; 0.05 ) whereas the showing degree of albuminuria, age, gender, and Hass categorization had a non important consequence on the impairment of kidney maps ( P A ; gt ; 0.05 ) . The higher the showing serum creatinine the more the impairment of nephritic map during the follow up period ( P A ; lt ; 0.05 ) . ( table IV ) Fig. 1: A instance of crescentic IgA kidney disease. Mesangial enlargement with a cellular crescent. PAS x 400 Fig. 2: Immunoperoxidase staining shows a outstanding Mesangial form. IgA immunoperoxidase x 400 Table I: Clinical and laboratory informations of patients holding IgA nephropathy ( n=69 ) Age in old ages ( mean ±SD ) 35.52 ±10.13 Gender ( male ) N ( % ) 43 ( 62.3 ) Smoking N ( % ) 17 ( 24.6 ) Hypertension N ( % ) 35 ( 50.7 ) Hematuria N ( % ) Microscopic Macroscopic 57 ( 82.6 ) 12 ( 17.4 ) Proteinuria N ( % ) Nephrotic scope Non- Nephrotic scope 34 ( 49.3 ) 35 ( 50.7 ) Serum creatinine  µmol/l ( mean ±SD ) 162.97 ±148.1 Creatinine clearance ml/min/1.73m2 ( average  ± SD ) 48.2 ±37.1 Nephritic damage N ( % ) 35 ( 50.7 ) Serum albumen gm/l ( mean ±SD ) 31.33  ±7.08 Serum Cholesterol mmol/l ( mean ±SD ) 5.65 ±1.9 Serum Triglycerides mmol/l ( mean ±SD ) 1.96 ±1.1 Serum IgA degree gm/l ( mean ±SD ) 2.69 ±1.0 Serum C3 degree gm/l ( mean ±SD ) 1.04 ± 0.15 Serum C4 degree gm/l ( mean ±SD ) 0.94 ±0.12 Edema N ( % ) 30 ( 43.5 ) Treatment given N ( % ) Methyl Pediapred pulsation Angiotensin change overing enzyme inhibitors Oral Steroids Azathioprine Cyclosporine Fish oil 7 ( 10.1 ) 58 ( 84.1 ) 41 ( 59.4 ) 10 ( 14.5 ) 18 ( 26.1 ) 46 ( 66.7 ) Duration of follow up ( mean ±SD ) old ages 3.6 ±1.3 Prognosis N ( % ) Stable / Improved Deterioration of nephritic maps 56 ( 81.2 ) 13 ( 18.8 ) Table II: Histoathological spectrum of nephritic biopsy consequences harmonizing to Hass categorization among IgA N patients ( n=69 ) Hass Classification Number ( % ) Class I 25 ( 36.2 ) Class II 19 ( 27.5 ) Class III 9 ( 13.0 ) Class IV 4 ( 5.8 ) Class V 12 ( 17.4 ) Table Three: Relation between clinical presentation and Hass categorization ( n=69 ) Clinical and research lab informations Hass Classification Trial of significance P value Class I N ( % ) Class II N ( % ) Class III N ( % ) Class IV N ( % ) Class V N ( % ) Gender Male Female 12 ( 48 ) 13 ( 52 ) 10 ( 52.6 ) 9 ( 47.4 ) 7 ( 77.8 ) 2 ( 22.2 ) 3 ( 75 ) 1 ( 25 ) 11 ( 91.7 ) 1 ( 8.3 ) A ; lt ; 0.05* Age at presentation A ; lt ; 40 old ages A ; gt ; 40 old ages 20 ( 80 ) 5 ( 20 ) 9 ( 47.4 ) 10 ( 52.6 ) 8 ( 88.9 ) 1 ( 11.1 ) 3 ( 75 ) 1 ( 25 ) 10 ( 88.3 ) 2 ( 11.7 ) A ; gt ; 0.05 High blood pressure 11 ( 44 ) 9 ( 47 ) 4 ( 44.4 ) 3 ( 75 ) 8 ( 66 ) A ; gt ; 0.05 Edema 13 ( 52 ) 6 ( 31.6 ) 5 ( 55.6 ) 2 ( 50 ) 4 ( 33.3 ) A ; gt ; 0.05 Nephrotic scope Proteinuria 12 ( 48 ) 6 ( 31 ) 5 ( 55.6 ) 3 ( 75 ) 8 ( 66.7 ) A ; gt ; 0.05 Macroscopic haematuria 2 ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) 0 ( 0 % ) 3 ( 75 ) 3 ( 25 ) A ; lt ; 0.01* Nephritic damage 7 ( 28 ) 8 ( 42.1 ) 6 ( 16.7 ) 3 ( 75 ) 11 ( 91.7 ) A ; lt ; 0.001* Showing serum Creatinine  µmol/l 84.4 ±31.7 171.3 ±179.6 203.2 ±198.7 288.5 ±84.5 278.5 ±140.1 A ; lt ; 0.001* Serum Uric acid mmol/l 312.6 ±71.8 381.4 ±171.3 428.2 ±20.3 459.5 ±188 412 ±143.9 A ; lt ; 0.01* Table Four: Factors finding deterioration of the kidney map during the follow up Period ( n=69 ) Clinical and research lab informations Deterioration of kidney map Trial of significance P value Yes n ( % ) No n ( % ) Gender male female 11 ( 25.6 ) 2 ( 7.7 ) 32 ( 74.4 ) 24 ( 92.3 ) A ; gt ; 0.05 Age A ; lt ; 40 old ages A ; gt ; 40 old ages 11 ( 22 ) 2 ( 10.5 ) 39 ( 78 ) 17 ( 89.5 ) A ; gt ; 0.05 High blood pressure Yes No 10 ( 28.6 ) 3 ( 8.8 ) 25 ( 71.4 ) 31 ( 91.2 ) A ; lt ; 0.05* Hematurias Microscopic Macroscopic 8 ( 14 ) 5 ( 41.7 ) 49 ( 86 ) 7 ( 58.3 ) A ; lt ; 0.05* Albuminurias Non-Nephrotic scope Nephrotic scope 5 ( 14.3 ) 8 ( 23.5 ) 30 ( 85.7 ) 26 ( 76.5 ) A ; gt ; 0.05 Nephritic damage at presentation Yes No 10 ( 28.6 ) 3 ( 8.8 ) 25 ( 71.4 ) 31 ( 91.2 ) A ; lt ; 0.05* Edema Yes No 6 ( 20 ) 7 ( 17.9 ) 24 ( 80 ) 32 ( 82 ) A ; gt ; 0.05 Discussion Many studies of glomerulonephritis associated with mesangial IgA sedimentations have been published since the original study of IgAN by Berger and Hinglais. The evident incidence of this upset has varied in surveies from different states. In France, ( 9 ) Spain, ( 10 ) Japan, ( 11 ) and Italy ( 12 ) the incidence has ranged from 11.7 to 43.3 % of nephritic biopsies. Much lower incidences have been reported in the United provinces, ( 13 ) England, ( 14 ) and Canada ( 15 ) with the incidence runing from 2.0 to 8.5 % in these states. Berger ( 16 ) suggested that the higher reported incidence of this disease in certain states compared to others may reflect the pattern of everyday one-year uranalysis in the states with high incidence rates. To the best of our Knowledge this is the first survey from the Arab states showing the incidence of IgAN. We reported the incidence to be 9.2 % of native kidney biopsies in Kuwait. Since the original description of IgAN, a figure of surveies have attempted to correlate initial clinical and pathological findings with the subsequent class of the disease. The present survey was in conformity with the old surveies in demoing that females had milder pathologic alterations whereas males were shown to hold more aggressive signifiers. ( 17 ) There is a distinguishable geographical difference in the incidence of macroscopic haematuria in grownup patients. ( 18 ) In European states the reported incidence exceeded 50 % , ( 19,20 ) whereas in Japan, the incidence scope was from 15 to 31 % ( 21,22 ) This difference in distribution can be attributed to difference in the disease nature that could be linked to familial factors. ( 19 ) The predictive significance of macroscopic haematuria was controversial. In the present survey macroscopic haematuria was detected in 17.2 % of instances and found to be associated with aggressive histologic findings and correlatives with hapless forecast. This confirmed the consequences of the South West Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. ( 17 ) Furthermore, Bennet and Kinciad-Smith ( 23 ) reported that nephritic map became significantly worse in those with macroscopic haematurias, and emphasized the high incidence of crescent formation in these instances. However, Clarkson et Al. ( 24 ) demonstrated that nephritic map and lesions were significantly better in patients with macroscopic haematurias than those without it. In our survey nephritic damage at presentation was seen more in patients with category IV and category than category I. Correlation between more extended pathologic characteristics and terrible clinical manifestation were besides documented by Hass et Al. ( 25 ) The presenting serum uric acid correlated with the diseased findings with higher degrees in those with Hass categories III to V than category I and II. This confirmed the consequences of Myllimaki et Al. ( 26 ) who proved a strong correlativity between serum uric acid degree and badness of nephritic harm on biopsy. The overall forecast of IgA N remains to be confirmed. In grownup surveies the incidence of nephritic inadequacy varies from less than 10 % to 48 % in patients followed for more than 1 twelvemonth. ( 27 ) The present survey is in conformity with this consequence as nephritic inadequacy was seen in 18.8 % of instances. Bartosik et Al. ( 28 ) proved that the clinical parametric quantities, such as high blood pressure and badness of albuminuria appear to be stronger predictive indexs than histological findings. Furthermore, Van Der Peer et Al. ( 29 ) found that those with more high blood pressure, more albuminurias, and more pronounced histologic findings deteriorate their nephritic map more during follow up. Other survey showed that females and younger patients were found to hold a better forecast. ( 30 ) In the present work, impairment of nephritic map during the follow up period was more important in presence of high blood pressure, nephritic damage, and macroscopic haematuria at clip of biopsy whereas, the showing degree of albuminuria, age, gender, and Hass categorization have a non important consequence on the impairment of kidney maps. In decision, the incidence of IgAN in Kuwait is 9.2 % . A multicenter survey should be conducted to observe the exact incidence. About 18.8 % of instances deteriorate their nephritic maps during the survey period but a longer follow up is needed. How to cite Iga Nephropathy In Kuwait Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Business Investment Bond Income and Assets

Question: Discuss about the Business Investment Bond for Income and Assets. Answer: Discussion Paper Statement of Advice (SOA) Reasons for this advice Dylan and Angela are planning to retire soon. Therefore, they need advice for organizing their income and assets. The discussion focuses on efficiently managing the superannuation funds. The advice will be helpful to compensate their mortgage amount quickly without affecting the cash flow, to protect them financially in order to deal with unpredicted traumatic incidents and to bring out the best possible way to save and manage the budget as well as their savings in the bank account. What is included in our advice The advice will include suggestions on organizing Dylans and Angelas superannuation, as they are planning to for their retirements. In order to ensure efficient financial management, greater emphasize will be given to the generic products, such as income protection, managed funds and insurance bonds, in the advice. On the other hand, Dylan and Angela will be encouraged to retrain from applying for investment products or insurance products. Instead, they will be advised to focus on the generic products, which can protect them from potential investment risk. It is very important to act responsibly and in a transparent manner when advising the clients, as it is apparent that they lack adequate understanding regarding the management of their personal finances. In this regard, applicable laws, statutes, risks involved and the benefits obtainable will be clearly communicated to them in a comparative manner. Clients personal and financial position Dylan and Angela are married with a son. They have mortgaged a home for $500,000. Dylans income is $115,000 per annum with Super Guarantee (SG) and Angelas earning amounts to $65,000 per annum with SG. They are planning to retire and are seeking advice to manage Dylans superannuation. They expect to save at least $200,000 per annum and desire to compensate the mortgage sooner. They wish to attain financial protection for any unforeseen event such as death. Net worth calculation work sheet: Assets Liabilities Cash $180,000 Current Debts (115,000+ 65,000) Mortgages: Home $500,000 Total assets $180, 000 Total liabilities $500,000 Total assets-Total liabilities = Net Wroth = ($320,000) Risk Profile The risk profile can be considered as the mechanism, which enables a better analysis of the degree of risk. It guides in implementing appropriate decision-making process regarding the investments, which would be suitable for the clients. In addition to this, the risk profiling tools help in reducing the errors and thereby, enhance the quality of the advices offered to the clients (Moore, 2012). However, the risk profile also have some drawbacks, since it does not include any kind of important information related with the clients investment and other investment alternatives. Therefore, inappropriate questions by the advisors are likely to produce unsuitable advices for the clients (Norman, 2014). In this regard, asset allocation can be referred as developing and implementing the plans related to the investment strategy by maintaining a balance between the proportion of the assets and the risks. The asset allocation strategies can be effective only when the assets are categorized into different sections consisting of bonds, cash balances and stocks. This will enable the clients to follow the most favourable returns for the risks identified (MFS Investment Management, 2016). Diversifying the assets will also benefit the clients to apply different methods of investments. Accordingly, restoring of the assets is also essential to improve the allocation (Polyak, 2016). Strategy discussion Financial strategies considered The clients will need to focus on wealth accumulation, through which they will need to increase the assets considering internal and external superannuation. An efficient management of debts will help the clients to adopt the most appropriate plan to repay loans sooner. The adaptation of the generic products by the clients would also help them manage the risks better, in order to protect the assets (RSM, 2016). Financial strategy The objectives of the clients are to combine their superannuation income accounts with one of the existing funds. To compensate the remaining housing mortgage in a less possible time, savings for the unpredicted traumatic events can also be taken into consideration. The strategy will also focus on reducing the investment risks by saving the retirement fund. How it works The clients can ensure the overall effectiveness of the financial strategies, by including the superannuation. The superannuation consolidation will enable the client to reduce the saving costs by paying only a single set of fee and reducing manual effort or paperwork. The clients can increase their fund by making savings from their salary, which will also allow them taxation benefits. In addition, the clients are advised to apply the generic products rather than any investment or insurance products. The below presented table provides a clearer understanding of the requirement. Generic products How does it works Manage funds It will be helpful for the clients to expand their investment in different assets. Managing funds in this case will enable them to set investment strategies on a regular basis, which can be further invested for capital growth (Franzen, 2010). Insurance bonds In case of insurance bonds, the clients will receive interests on a regular basis. Therefore, they can easily attain the income from the savings (Australian Unity, 2016). Income protection Considering the situation of the clients, long-term income protection insurance schemes can be helpful to cover their financial requirements. The clients can fix a certain period comparing with the anticipated time of mortgage repayment to invest in income protection schemes (Marx Nelson, 2012). Benefits of this strategy The strategy would be beneficial in preparing for the future needs and establishing financial protection, which may be useful for the traumatic events. The accumulation of wealth will enable the clients to take appropriate decisions, by controlling their current expenses in order to increase their savings required in future. By diversifying the investment into different categories of assets, the clients will be able to reduce instability in the investment. Outcomes There are two kinds of phases witnessed post retirement, which include the accumulation phase and the pension phase. In case of the accumulation phase, the clients will require to make an extra effort in order to save for the future. In this stage, greater emphasis will be levied on wealth accumulation, as the clients require reducing the current spending for the future. In addition, the incentives received from the government would be helpful for making investments. The person holding the superannuation for more than a year will enable the clients to minimize the marginal tax rate (Hewish, 2016). Risks you need to consider The risk may affect the quality of the advice offered to the clients. There are number of risks, which can be identified on the basis of the financial strategies advised to the clients. For instance, falling annuity rates may lower the rate of income. If the market in unstable and investment is high, it may also cause risks for the clients. Therefore, if the clients focus on saving their retirement funds, it may help to reduce the investment risks further (AXA, 2015). References Australian Unity, 2016. Investment bond, viewed 5 September 2016, https://www.australianunityinvestments.com.au/our-products/investment-bonds AXA, 2015, What are your pre-retirement investment options?, Retirement, pp 6-16. Franzen, D. (2010), Managing Investment Risk in Defined Benefit Pension Funds, OECD Publishing, Vol 38, pp.1-60. Grant Thornton Australia Limited, 2015. Superannuation consolidation, viewed 5 September 2016, https://www.grantthornton.com.au/client-alerts/2015/superannuation-consolidation/ Hewish, J. Pre-Retirement Retirement Strategies. UGC, viewed 5 September 2016, https://ugc.net.au/pre-retirement-retirement-strategies-part-1/ Marx, I Nelson, K 2012, Minimum Income Protection in Flux, Palgrave Macmillan, USA. MFS Investment Management., 2016. Asset Allocation Strategies. Education Planning, viewed 5 September 2016, https://www.mfs.com/wps/portal/mfs/us-investor/education-and-planning/asset-allocation/!ut/p/a1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfGjzOL9A40C_c09jAzcjYOdDYxcTPyNTUONDUN8TPULsh0VAabBl04!/ Moore, E., 2012. Warning over adviser risk profile mismatch. Investments. viewed 5 September 2016, https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/87ca7ddc-42f0-11e2-a3d2-00144feabdc0.html#axzz4JMeYHiiG Norman, T., 2014. How do advisers sort the good risk-profiling tools from the bad? News, viewed 5 September 2016, https://www.moneymarketing.co.uk/how-do-advisers-sort-the-good-risk-profiling-tools-from-the-bad/ Polyak, I., 2016. Finding the right asset allocation is what counts. Portfolio perspective, viewed 5 September 2016, https://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/24/finding-the-right-asset-allocation-is-what-counts.html RSM, 2016. Retirement planning. Business Advisory, viewed 5 September 2016, https://www.rsm.global/australia/service/wealth-management/retirement-planning